19762026

The history of crypto
is not a list of dates

Each chapter is one bet: how the world was, what someone wagered, how they placed it, how it settled — and the half that lost.

Chapters
13
Shots
164
Entities
42
Relations
25

It was never a single line

Five lines record what happened. The sixth records what people believed at the time — and where it diverges from the other five, that gap is itself the history.

Protocol · ProtocolMoney · MoneyApplication · ApplicationMarket · MarketRegulation · RegulationBelief · What people believed

Every chapter sits somewhere on the curve

The narrative and the cycle are not two separate things. Infrastructure always gets built while nobody is watching; bubbles always burst while everybody is.

$1K$10K$100KNo exchange quotes yet2013-11 · The first cycle the public noticed · $1,1202014-02 · Mt.Gox files for bankruptcy · $5522015-08 · Ethereum mainnet goes live · $2302017-12 · Token-issuance mania peaks · $13,8802018-12 · The winter · $3,6932020-09 · DeFi Summer · $10,7782021-11 · Cycle high · $56,9742022-11 · The chain reaction · $17,1702024-01 · Spot ETFs approved · $42,55820082013201720212026

BTC month-end close · log scale · data from Bitstamp, cross-checked against Binance BTCUSDT over 109 months (max deviation 1.8%) · as of 2026-08-27

Figures are month-end closes, so the peaks here sit below the intraday highs — 2017 reads $13,880, not the 19,800 usually quoted.

The order they fell was not random

The 2022 chain reaction was not seven separate events. It was one path travelling along credit exposure, and the size of each exposure set the order.

  1. Terra

    brings down Three Arrows Capital · Exposure to Terra left the fund insolvent. This was the first link in the 2022 chain reaction.

  2. Three Arrows Capital

    depends on Celsius · Held credit exposure to the fund. The size of each exposure set the order in which they failed.

  3. Voyager

    makes possible FTX · Provided funding to an already distressed institution partway through the chain reaction.

  4. FTX

    depends on Alameda Research · The financial link between the two existed for a long time without being publicly visible. This is the hidden line that chapter 7B is about.

  1. 1976–2008Before BitcoinHow Digital Money Became Possible7.3m
  2. 2008–2011Bitcoin GenesisDigital Scarcity8.0m
  3. 2013–2016Programmable MoneyBlockchain Beyond Money7.3m
  4. 2017Token EconomyAnyone Can Issue Money8.0m
  5. 2018–2019Crypto WinterSpeculation Dies, Infrastructure Survives7.3m
  6. 2020 · 2022DeFi SummerMoney Becomes Software8.0m
  7. 2020Money LegoProtocols Call Protocols7.0m
  8. 2021Everything Becomes a TokenCrypto Goes Cultural8.0m
  9. 2022The Mechanism BreaksReflexivity Runs Backwards8.0m
  10. 2022The ContagionExposure Becomes Insolvency8.0m
  11. 2023RebuildBack to Infrastructure8.0m
  12. 2024Institutional CryptoFrom Crypto Market to Financial Asset8.0m
  13. 2025–2026Crypto Becomes Financial InfrastructureFrom Asset Class to Financial Rails7.3m